>From the web page
http://www.abledata.com/text2/icg_hear.htm

Sponsored by NIDRR

Informed Consumer Guide to
Assistive Technology for People with Hearing Disabilities

February, 1999

Introduction

Emerging and innovative advances in technology are now making it
easier and more affordable for individuals coping with hearing
loss to lead a full and productive life. This Informed Consumer
Guide focuses on those products that significantly improve a
hearing impaired person's ability to recognize and respond to
environmental sounds, engage in face-to-face and telephone
communication, and enjoy music and television. For the purposes
of this Guide, products are divided into three categories: those
developed primarily to help people who are deaf, those designed
to be used by people who are hard of hearing, and those created
specifically for people who are deaf and blind.

Deafness and Hard of Hearing:  Some Definitions

Frequently, the term "deaf" is mistakenly used in reference to
people with a wide range of hearing disabilities. Here are a few
definitions of terms that refer to various degrees and types of
hearing loss.

Profound Deafness: "refers to a hearing loss greater than 90
decibels (dB)." People are considered "deaf" if they are unable
to hear or understand speech and must rely on vision for
communication.

Late Deafened: "refers to people who lose their hearing later in
life and are deaf."

Pre-lingual Deafness: "refers to deafness acquired before the
development of speech."

Post-lingual Deafness: "refers to deafness acquired after the
development of speech."

Hard of Hearing: "refers to a hearing loss from 25 dB (mild
loss) to 90dB (severe loss)." An individual with this degree of
loss frequently communicates using a combination of strategies
that rely on residual auditory ability enhanced by a hearing aid
or assistive listening device and often supplemented through
lip-reading or other visual means.

Deaf and Blind: "refers to people who are unable to hear because
of a defect, disease, or dysfunction of the ear, the
vestibulocochlear nerve, or the brain and who have a central
visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with
corrective lenses or visual field restriction of 20 degrees or
less or a progressive vision loss having a diagnosis leading to
either one of these conditions."

(Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary 26th Edition.
Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 1981, p.605-606.)

A Brief Overview of the Americans With Disabilities Act

In recent years, accessibility to assistive technology has
increased immensely as a result of legislation and a growing
awareness of disabilities in general. The most significant piece
of legislation addressing the civil rights of people with
disabilities is the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
(ADA). Briefly stated, Title I of the ADA makes it illegal for
private and public employers to discriminate in the hiring
process or in the workplace against qualified people with
disabilities, and calls on employers to ensure "reasonable
accommodation" for employees with disabilities. Accommodation is
required unless the change would impose an undue financial
hardship on the employer. As set forth in Title I of the ADA,
any impairment that "substantially limits" the hearing and
vision of an individual would satisfy the legal definition of a
disability. A person who has a hearing disability or a hearing
disability and blindness is therefore eligible for full
protection against discrimination by an employer or service
provider. Title II of the ADA prohibits state and local
governments from discriminating against qualified individuals
with disabilities and establishes standards to ensure that all
government communications, facilities, and services are
accessible. Title III addresses the need for fair and equal
public accommodations for people with disabilities. In
accordance with the law, a speech disabled, deaf, or deaf-blind
person should never be denied access to goods, services,
facilities, privileges, or advantages in a public place solely
because of their disability. Finally, and perhaps most
importantly, Title IV mandates that interstate and intrastate
telecommunications relay services be made available to people
with hearing or speech disabilities. The services provided
through the telecommunications mandates enable individuals who
are deaf or deaf-blind to have greater access to telephone
communication and to communicate in a manner that is
functionally equal to that of a hearing individual.

Finding An Appropriate Solution

The precise needs of people who are hard of hearing, deaf, or
deaf-blind vary greatly with the individual. Someone who is hard
of hearing, for example, often benefits tremendously from
wearing a hearing aid; a profoundly deaf or deaf-blind person
rarely receives any benefit from using such a device. Therefore,
it is important to bear in mind that decisions about the
purchase of assistive technology should be made carefully, with
the full participation of the intended user. Clear communication
between the user and service provider greatly enhances the
likelihood of success in finding a solution that maximizes the
user's productivity.

Technology to Assist People Who Are Deaf

Numerous tools exist to enable people who are deaf to function
independently in daily life. Generally, these assistive devices
and services fall into three categories: assistive devices to
enhance face-to-face communication and personal enjoyment of
television and radio; devices to improve telephone
communication; and technology to provide greater awareness and
recognition of environmental sounds and situations. Among the
most common and innovative of these technologies are
computer-assisted notetaking and pre-recorded or live
captioning; telecommunications devices for the deaf (TDDs),
teletext (TT) devices or teletypewriters (TTYs); and various
alert systems that trigger a warning device such as a light or a
vibrational device (e.g., a bed shaker). Most of them can be
utilized in nearly any environment. Some of them can even be
customized to meet an individual's specific needs.

Computer-assisted Notetaking and Pre-recorded or Live Captioning

One class of devices designed to aid the deaf in participating
in classroom discussions, meetings, and group activities is
computer-assisted or speech recognition technology.
Computer-assisted and live captioning systems require typists or
stenographers to type what is being said into the computer using
a keyboard or a stenotype machine. Computer and video technology
then project the typed words onto television or projection
screens for viewing. In the same vane, speech recognition
software runs on a high speed computer to convert spoken
language into written text. With such software, sign language
interpreters can convey complex or technical information for
which few or no signs exist. Thus far, this has proven to be
very effective in the classroom, especially in courses like
chemistry, physics, and engineering. Foreign language
recognition programs also make it possible for tpeople with
disabilities to master a foreign language even when the
interpreter has little or no knowledge of the language.

There are several speech recognition programs currently on the
market. Three prominent speech recognition developers are Dragon
Systems, IBM, and Kurzweil. Dragon Dictate is a voice input
program that enables a person to dictate into a microphone that
is connected to an audio card in the computer, and the computer
then converts the speech into text. Dragon Systems manufactures
several versions of this software. Each version enables the user
to dictate text and control the computer's operation completly
by his/her voice, with different versions allowing for more or
less functionality. IBM produces a similar line of software
packages called ViaVoice. A person simply uses speech to input
text and control Window 95/98 and NT based applications. These
programs support multiple users on a single system and have a
large vocabulary that provides up to 7,000 user-specified words
and commands in addition to a 100,000 word backup dictionary.
Kurzweil Voice also provides for voice activated operation of
computers and can be used with any number of applications,
including specialized company software. All three recently
announced low-priced (under $100.00) versions of their software
which include a microphone and a vocabulary of up to 160,000
words. For more information, see the table at the conclusion of
this guide.

Telephone Communication Systems

Since the telephone does not provide the user with visual cues,
people with profound hearing loss often find it impossible to
communicate with others via the phone. For people who cannot use
voice telephones, visual telephones allow users to type
conversations. Called Telecommunications Devices for the Devices
for the Deaf (TDDs), Teletext (TT) devices, or teletypewriters
(TTYs), such devices come with many options, including printers,
large print displays, announcers, and voice carry over
capability. TDDs can work with computers when appropriate
hardware and software are used. Interstate and intrastate relay
systems have also been mandated by the federal government to
allow TDD users to talk to others via standard telephones. Relay
systems enable TDD users to communicate with others through a
relay systems operator in their area. The operators simply use a
standard TDD machine and a telephone to relay messages back and
forth between people with hearing and speech difficulties and
people without them.

The Ultratec Miniprint 425 ( right) is one of many TDDs with a
built-in printer. This model has a 24-character display and a
4-row keyboard with QWERTY layout. The printer prints at a speed
of .8 lines per second on thermal paper and a TDD Announcer
alerts hearing people to text telephone calls.

The Positron Express (left) functions as a TDD or TT machine
when connected to a telephone and as an IBM compatible computer
keyboard when connected to a PC. It also has a 4,000 character
buffer that can be used to dump text from the Express keyboard
to the PC monitor (to a word editor or word processing program).

For a person with minimal residual auditory ability, products
such as the Ultratec Uniphone 1100 are helpful. They feature
hearing aid compatibility and Voice Carry Over ability that
allows the caller to use the telephone and TT features during
the same call. For example, a person could speak for him or
herself on the phone and then use the TT features to receive the
other person's response. Or, a person could use the TT to
express him or herself and then pick up the phone handset to
listen to the other person. For more information on specific
products and companies, see the table at the conclusion of this
document.

Environmental Alert Devices

For a person who is deaf, simple tasks like answering the
doorbell or telephone, doing the laundry, baking a cake, and
responding to a fire alarm or the cries of a small child can be
extremely challenging. Fortunately, myriad warning and alert
devices now exist to make accomplishing these tasks somewhat
simpler. Such systems use either microphones or electrical
connections to detect the desired signal. The signal triggers a
warning device such as a light, a loud horn, or a vibrational
device (e.g., vibrating a bed shaker). These devices can alert
people to sounds or noises regardless of where they are in their
homes or offices. Various alerting devices are also portable and
can be used as wake up devices, time reminders, and pagers. In
accordance with the ADA, such alerting devices are now required
in schools, stores, hotels, theaters, and other public places as
well as in places of employment.

Clocks and Wake Up Alarm Systems use a combination of visual,
auditory, and tactile stimulation to wake people with hearing
disabilities. When connected to a lamp or bed shaker, most
models provide the user with the option of waking up to flashing
lights, horns, or a gentle shaking. For example, the Sonic Boom
Alarm Clock, by Sonic Alert, is ideal for even the heaviest of
sleepers. It has a built-in outlet for a lamp and an auxiliary
jack for a bed vibrator. For someone who travels frequently,
Awake Master II, by Silent Call, could be useful. It is portable
and can be used with either a vibrator or a melody alarm.
Hal-Hen's Deluxe Alarm Clock has a rear outlet for a lamp, bed
vibrator, or strobe light. When the alarm goes off, either a
light flashes or a bed vibrator is activated. Users can choose
to have the light or vibrator turn on and off or have them stay
on when the alarm goes off.

Visual Alert Signalers and Remote Receivers monitor a wide
variety of household devices including doorbells, telephones,
and smoke detectors. Once a signaler has been activated, a
remote receiver picks up the signal and immediately notifies the
user (by emitting flashes of light or vibrations) that an alert
has been received. Some models should be worn close to the body
while others are better suited for tabletop use. Since a diverse
array of signalers and receivers is available, it is highly
recommended that people consult a healthcare professional before
purchasing one. The following products demonstrate some of the
options available:

Ultratec's Watchman Masters/Receivers are designed to flash when
the doorbell or telephone rings. When an Ultratec remote
receiver is linked to an Ultratec signaler, lights throughout an
entire house can flash after the signaler is activated.

Parents with hearing difficulties might also find Sonic Alert's
BC 400, a baby cry signaler, very useful. This wireless signaler
plugs into the outlet closest to where a baby sleeps. When the
child cries, the remote receiver is immediately activated. A
lamp or bed vibrator can also be plugged into the remote
receiver.

For individuals who are deaf-blind, the Personal Tactile
Signaler from Harris Communications may be useful. Different
vibrating motions and a touch switch notify the user of all the
activities monitored by an Alertmaster transmitter. The
signaller can be worn on a belt and works up to 80 feet away
from the transmitter

The Wireless Audio Visual Emergency System (WAVES), by
MADAH-Com, is a wireless communication system which integrates
sight and sound into a single network for simultaneous display
providing an accessible public address system. Because the
system is wireless and physically portable, receivers can be
placed at a number of locations in such places as subways or
large buildings, thus ensuring complete coverage of the
facility. And because it transmits text as well as audio,
simultaneous visual information can be displayed on large LED
signs or TV monitors.

Hearing ear dogs, specially trained to alert owners to
significant sounds, are also available. They are also an
excellent source of protection and have been granted legal
status equal to that afforded to seeing eye dogs.

Technology also makes television accessible. Closed Captioning
(CC) is the process of encoding the dialogue and sound effects
of any program into text form that can be read across the bottom
of the screen much like subtitles on foreign movies. Closed
Captioning Decoders are the devices that then allow a person to
view the words of any program that is closed captioned. Many
televisions sold today are equipped with closed caption decoders
that can be activated by an on-screen menu. On some less
expensive models, the decoders are offered as options that cost
extra. Decoders are also available as separate, portable units
that connect from a VCR to a television with a standard video
cable

As closed captioning has become more common several new features
are being offered on CC-equipped televisions and on the portable
decoders. Transparent captioning background provide enhanced
video quality while not compromising caption display. Another
new captioning feature allows a person to freeze captions and
then display them on the screen.

When standard captioning decoders are not sufficient because the
user does not understand English, some decoders, such as the
Mycap Super, are able to decode more than one language. For
example, the Super comes with additional character sets to
permit correct typography in Spanish, Portuguese, French,
German, Italian and several other European languages.

Cochlear Implants

Cochlear implants primarily benefit people with severe to
profound nerve deafness that is not helped significantly by
conventional hearing aids due to damage to the hair cells in the
inner ear. Unlike conventional hearing aids that amplify sound
and direct it into the ear canal, the cochlear implant bypasses
the ear, transmitting sound directly to the auditory nerve. The
implant does not restore normal hearing, and its effectiveness
varies with the recipient. Some implant recipients may still be
required to lip read in order to understand spoken language.

The cochlear implant consists of two parts, one external, the
other internal. The external part consists of a small,
directional microphone, a speech processor (a powerful
miniaturized computer) and a transmitter. The internal component
is a single electrode or electrode array connected to the
external portion by a wire. The electrode(s) is implanted under
the skin, receives the signal transmitted from the external
component, and directs it into the cochlea in the inner ear,
directly stimulating the auditory nerve. The auditory nerve
transmits these signals to the brain leading to the perception
of distinctive sounds.

The Auditory Brainstem Implant (ABI) uses the same technology as
the cochlear implant, but differs in the site where the
electrodes are implanted. The ABI's electrodes are placed on the
area of the brainstem that ordinarily receives neural impulses
from the cochlea through the auditory nerve. Sound is
transmitted from an external component similar to that of the
cochlear implant to the electrodes, thus stimulating auditory
responses in the brain. Although ABIs have not functioned as
well auditorally as cochlear implants, they have offered hope to
countless individuals with severed or damaged auditory nerves as
cochlear implantation is only recommended to people with intact
auditory nerves.

Technology for People Who Are Hard of Hearing

Advances in technology have also expanded the range of options
for people who are hard of hearing. Numerous aids exist to
enable people with diminished hearing capacity to function
independently and successfully in their daily lives. In addition
to the range of speech recognition, telephone communication, and
alert system devices discussed above, various hearing aids,
hearing implants, microphone and telephone amplifiers, speech
training games and computer software, and speech therapy aids
provide access to daily activities.

Assistive Listening Devices

Assistive Listening Devices (ALDs) minimize background noise
that can sometimes impede the ability of a hard of hearing
person to utilize his/her residual auditory ability and help
that person to hear sounds from a source that may be some
distance away.

Personal Amplification Systems are designed to be very portable
and can be used anywhere, indoors or outdoors. They are great
for one-on-one conversations and TV listening. They are
particularly helpful in environments where it is difficult to
face the person who is speaking (i.e. in a car). The units are
pocket-sized and can be used with earphones, headphones, and
neckloops. Some personal amplification systems have the option
of adding modules that can be used in other listening
environments as receivers for FM, infrared, or loop
transmissions. A hardwired remote microphone attached to a small
amplifier or a hearing aid can preserve loudness and integrity
of the speech signal. ALDs can also be wireless such as
infrared, FM, and audioloop systems. With FM and infrared
technologies, the receiver is connected to earphones or to a
personal hearing aid, if equipped with a telecoil or direct
audio input circuit. With an audioloop system, a listener's own
hearing aid may be used, provided it has a telecoil. If not, a
special telecoil receiver equipped with earphones or built into
a hearing aid-like unit may be used if a listener's hearing loss
is not too severe.

Infrared Systems transmit sounds by invisible light beams. To be
effective, the receiver must be within direct line of sight of
the light beam from the transmitter. There is added security in
an infrared system because sound cannot "spill over" to other
rooms. These systems cannot be used outside because of
interference from sunlight. Bright, incandescent light may also
cause interference. Infrared systems are perfect for TV
listening and small group meetings. Relatively easy to set-up,
the transmitters connect directly to TVs, audio output jacks, or
microphones.

FM systems transmit sound via radio waves. The speaker wears a
compact transmitter and microphone, while the listener uses a
portable receiver with headphones or earphones. They are ideal
for classroom/meeting use and work well both indoors and
outdoors.

Loop systems operate on a principle of electronics called
electro magnetics and are easily used by those having hearing
aids equipped with a telecoil circuit. The technology consists
of a loop wire that is placed around a listening area. A special
amplifier and microphone are used by the primary speaker. Speech
signals are amplified and circulated through the loop wire.

Hearing Aids

There are several different types of hearing aids available.
People who are hard of hearing should work with a healthcare
professional in selecting the type of hearing aid that best
suits them.

In the Ear (ITE), In the Canal (ITC) and Completely in the Canal
(CIC) hearing aids are self-contained; a miniature microphone,
amplifier and speaker inside the instrument amplify sound and
carry it directly to the ear canal and auditory system. ITE, ITC
and CIC aids are usually custom designed to fit in the user's
ear. Here are some factors that may help you in selecting which
type is right for you:

ITE: Most appropriate for mild to severe hearing loss; large
enough to be easily handled by people with dexterity problems.

ITC: Significantly smaller than ITE aids so users need good
dexterity; usually not as powerful as ITE aids; more likely to
have feedback problems.

CIC: Least visible type of aid as only a very small portion is
visible; sound is directed more naturally, wind noise is
lessened, and telephone use is easier.; small size makes good
dexterity a necessity in handling these hearing aids; most
appropriate for mild to moderate hearing losses.

A Behind the Ear (BTE) hearing aid contains the same three
elements (microphone, amplifier and speaker), in a unit worn
behind a user's ear, but the speaker sends amplified sound
signals to a custom designed mold worn inside the ear which
carries the amplified sound to the eardrum. Because the
microphone is located further from the receiver, there is less
chance of feedback or whistling than with other types of hearing
aids. BTE hearing aids are available in a wide range of power
levels and colors that can match a user's hair color.

Some hearing aids have directional microphones that are designed
to suppress sounds arriving at the listener from any other
location but directly in front. This feature is commonly found
on BTE aids. The user can control whether to listen in the
omni-directional mode (which picks up sound from all directions)
or the directional mode (which focuses the microphone on just
one direction).

Most hearing aids are powered by small batteries that can be
replaced as needed. "Either Way Okay" (EWOK) is a circuit within
a hearing aid, designed by J. B. Compton, that automatically
reverses the polarity if the battery is inserted backwards. This
is not a trivial advantage for many people. Hearing aid
batteries are so small, and the ridges on the batteries and in
the battery compartment so tiny, that people often have
difficulty seeing and/or feeling the right position, so they
force the battery in however it will go. Not only does the aid
not work, but it frequently has to be returned to the dealer or
sent back to the factory for repairs. Hearing aids with EWOK are
usually able to avoid this problem.

Telephone Communication Systems

Since many telephone signals are not totally intelligible to
people with hearing loss, modular and portable telephone
amplifiers are available for use with or without a hearing aid.
Some ALDs enable use of both ears with a telephone, often
improving word clarity. Amplifiers for telephone answering
systems are also available.

Amplified telephones enable people with varying degrees of
hearing loss to use standard telephones because spoken words are
made clearer and louder. For example, individuals with
high-frequency hearing loss cannot hear sounds like "st" and
"ch" so words like " stair" and " chair" sound like "air." Just
increasing the volume of telephone reception does not help,
because it amplifies all frequencies. Upper-range sounds still
do not come through, which just results in louder muddle. The
Walker Clarity phone, which is available from several
distributors, solves this problem in a unique way. It features a
built-in sound equalizer that selectively increases the volume
of high-frequency sounds. To adjust the clarity of words, the
user simply moves up the control slide bar until the words
become clear.

Individuals with both hearing and vision impairments might find
that a product like the Tel-Ease with Backtalk from
Communication Products and Equipment Company is helpful as well.
Large inch-high numbers with Braille coding make dialing this
phone simple, and adjustable volume controls for the ringer and
the receiver make listening to conversations more enjoyable.
Additionally, this particular model has "back talk" capability
which allows numbers to be read back by a voice synthesizer as
they are dialed and a flashing red light atop the phone to
announce incoming calls.

For those people whose needs regarding telephone use are limited
to amplification, there is no need to replace the entire phone.
Amplified handsets that connect to any telephone are available.
The amplifiers can be battery powered or plugged into an AC
outlet. Several types of volume controls are offered including
rotary (turning a knob) and touchbar. Amplified handsets are
also available for use with radios.

The other amplification accessory for telephones is the In-Line
Amplifier. The amplifier connects to a telephone from which it
receives the signal that is intended for the handset. The
amplifier increases the volume of incoming signal and sends out
the boosted signal to the handset. In-line amplifiers are
available with either AC or battery power. Consumers who buy
AC-powered amplifiers should be sure to ask if the amplifier has
an automatic bypass to permit a user to continue to use the
phone without amplification in case of power failure (this is a
feature that is desirable for amplified handsets as well).
Volume can be controlled on the majority of amplifiers. As with
the handsets, consumers can usually find controls that fit their
individual needs/abilities. Some amplifiers, such as HA-40 from
Ameriphone, even block out distracting background noise to
improve overall speech clarity up to 100 times more than
standard telephones. Many amplifiers, such as the W10 from the
Walker Equipment Corporation, are compatible with multi- or
single-line standard or electric phones. In the case of the W10,
each unit is equipped with the ability to increase telephone
volume more than three times above normal (-2dB to 19Db) with
variable volume control. This portable unit has sliding controls
for both volume and tone.

Enviromental Alert Systems

Many individuals with mild to moderate hearing loss can also
benefit from the alert system devices designed primarily for the
profoundly deaf. Additionally, there are car alert alarms and
personal computer beep indicators created with the hard of
hearing in mind.

Car alert systems, such as the Early Alert Response System
(E.A.R.S.), emit a high pitched sound to enhance a person's
residual auditory ability to detect any unusual or sudden noises
(i.e., police sirens). E.A.R.S. uses a digital signal processor
to detect and convey any siren sound in use in the United
States. A digital microphone detects the siren and the detection
is then conveyed to a processor fitted with four red warning
lights. Each system includes a triangular microphone with
suction cups and the rectangular processor. Once installed, the
system uses an audible tone and a brief flash of the red lights
to signal readiness for operation when the vehicle's engine is
started. E.A.R.S. can be plugged into the car's cigarette
lighter or it may be wired directly to the car's fuse box or
"hot wires" such as the ignition. The features of E.AR.S. are
representative of most car alert systems.

Visual beep indicator programs are particularly useful to
computer users with little or no residual hearing ability. They
convert audible computer beeps indicating an error or other
message to an additional visual indication. Two options are
possible: the entire screen can flash and change color, or a
visual "beep" can appear where the cursor is positioned. Visual
beep indicator software is compatible with most applications and
the flash time can generally be adjusted from 0.2 to 2 seconds.

Technology for People Who Are Deaf and Blind

As the deaf-blind population and its needs become more
recognized, the variety of products to meet them also expands.
Many deaf -blind individuals are dependent on braille and other
tactile communication methods. Now, they have the opportunity to
reap the benefits from emerging technologies for both the deaf
and the blind. Among the most common areas where assistive
devices can effectively assist the deaf-blind are communication
(both interpersonal and telephone) and environmental alert
systems for use both indoors and outside.

Interpersonal Communication Aids and Assistive Listening Devices

Given that a deaf-blind individual cannot visually or
auditorally process information, standard assistive devices for
the blind or the deaf need to be modified to account for the
other disability. The Telebraille III from Blazie Engineering
provides a fine example of how technology for the deaf and
technology for the blind can combine to meet the needs of
someone with both disabilities. It combines a modified Ultratec
Supercom TDD with a modified 20-cell, 6-dot braille display.
Typed information is translated and displayed via refreshable
braille cells. TeleBraille III enables a deaf-blind person and a
person using a TDD to communicate by telephone, and can be used
for face-to-face communications between a deaf-blind person and
a sighted person. For telephone conversations, TeleBraille III
functions as a one-piece device by placing the telephone handset
on the acoustic coupler or by connecting directly to the
telephone line. The braille display is then used for reading and
either the braille or standard keyboard can be used for writing.
By separating the two units, face-to-face conversation is easy.
The sighted partner uses the TDD by typing on a typewriter
keyboard and seeing the messages on a visual display. The
deaf-blind partner keys in messages on the braille keyboard and
reads messages on the braille display.

Writing Guides enable a blind-deaf person to write or print
using only his/her sense of touch. They are available in several
different forms: 1) a board with a metal horizontal bar to
assist people who have difficulty writing in a confined space or
on a straight line; 2) pocket size plastic, metal, or cardboard,
with a single space cut-out for one's signature; 3) plastic bank
check or envelope guides.

If a blind person has any residual auditory ability, Loop and FM
Systems can be used in conjunction with hearing aids to transmit
sound by radio waves through a microphone held by the speaker.
The transmitter transmits the sound to the receiver, which
magnifies the sound of the speaker's voice louder than other
noise in the room. Specially trained interpreters can facilitate
communication for those with no usable sight and hearing.
Portable braille computers enable the braille user to easily
take notes in meetings using six or eight dot braille cells and
a braille keyboard. Most of these systems are compatible with
many braille printers, making it simple to print braille
documents.

Telephone Communication Systems

In addition to the Telebraille III and other products that
combine TTY/TDD and braille, other innovative communication
devices enable deaf-blind individuals to enjoy the advantages of
telephone communication.

Tactile Speech Indicators are telephone devices designed to
receive sound through tactile cues by means of vibration. The
deaf-blind individual must be capable of using speech to express
a message. When a simple yes/ no question is asked, the received
answer is distinguished tactually by the basic code of: "no" (1
vibration), "yes-yes" (2 vibrations) and " I don't understand/
know" (3 vibrations).

For individuals who are deaf and have low vision, Large Print
Display TTY/ TDD is a an option for telephone communication. It
is a large print display that attaches to a specific TDD to
produce letters approximately two inches in height. It can be
used over the phone and in interpreting situations.

Teletouch Keyboards are portable devices with both typewriting
and braille keyboards on one side and a braille cell on the
back. Letters are typed and felt one at a time. They are most
effective with an individual who uses speech.

Environmental Alert Systems

Deaf-blind individuals rely on similar alert systems that other
deaf and hard of hearing people use with the requirement that
all cues are tactile (usually vibrations). Wireless paging
systems transmit basic information such as doorbell, telephone,
fire alarm, smoke detector, or baby cry signals. Transmitters
and receivers identify each sound source. The transmitter sends
out signals that are felt as vibrations by the deaf-blind person
carrying or wearing the receiver.

Proximity sensors are also available on canes to aid deaf-blind
individuals while they are walking (or wheeling) in unfamiliar
environments. For example, Nurion Industries makes the N-8 Laser
Cane. The N-8 emits two invisible light beams. One beam is
angled upward for head-height protection; the second is directed
forward for straight ahead information. When the light beam
strikes an object within range it is reflected back to a
receiving unit built into the cane. A vibrating unit signals the
user's index finger . Proximity sensors are also available for
wheelchairs.

Closed Captioning for the Deaf-Blind

It is possible for deaf-blind individuals to enjoy closed
captioned programming on television by products that translate
the captions into braille. The Closed Caption to Braille System
from Dewtronics uses a computer to convert the output of a
telecaption unit into braille. Users can vary the speed of the
braille and store the captions into an ASCII file to read at a
later time.

Funding Sources

Various funding sources are available to assist with the
purchase of these types of assistive devices. The extent and
type of assistance depends upon an individual's eligibility for
medical and social services, income support, or vocational
services from any of a number of different resources. Additional
information is available from the publications listed below and
from ABLEDATA's Informed Consumer Guide to Information on
Funding Assistive Technology.

Resources and Recommended Reading

National Rehabilitation Information Center (NARIC)

NARIC maintains an extensive collection of printed material
pertaining to the procurement and utilization of assistive
technology. The following documents from the NARIC library have
been selected as being particularly useful for people trying to
purchase assistive devices for the hearing impaired. Copies are
offered by request for a minimal fee. NARIC's mailing address,
telephone number, and website address are as follows: NARIC,
1010 Wayne Avenue, Suite 800, Silver Spring, MD 20910.
800/346-2742 or 301/562-2410; http://www.naric.com/naric.

1. "Computer Speech Recognition: A New Tool for Sign Language
Interpreters and Members of the Deaf/ Hard of Hearing
Community," by Jack Johnson, Carl Jensema. In JADARA, Vol.30,
No.4, 1997 (pp. 29-30). NARIC Accession Number: J34623

     This is an excellent article, addressed primarily
     toward sign language interpreters, that talks about
     the advantages of supplementing traditional
     interpreting services with computer speech recognition
     technology. It also explores the benefit of using such
     technology to assist the deaf and hard of hearing in
     learning foreign languages.

2. "Developments in Research and Technology," by Mark Ross. In
Hearing Loss, Vol. 18, No. 4, July/ August 1997 (pp.33-35).
NARIC Accession Number J33927

     This article highlights some of the new advances in
     research and assistive technology for people with
     hearing disabilities. Specifically, it emphasizes
     innovations in hearing aid technology and discusses
     the benefits and drawbacks of using the Cochlear and
     Multichannel Auditory Brainstem Implants.

3. "What Are TTYs? TTs? TDDs?," by the National Information
Center on Deafness. Gallaudet University. 1994. NARIC Accession
Number: R06607

     Purchasing assistive telecommunications devices can be
     a confusing and daunting task for anyone. This
     brochure was designed especially for someone with
     little or no knowledge of the products available. It
     provides visual and written descriptions of TTYs, TTs,
     and TDDs and answers the most commonly asked questions
     about using them.

4. "Deaf-blind services in the 21st century: changing faces and
changing service delivery systems," by C. L. Ingraham, C. C.
Davis, A. Carey, M. Danek, D. Watson. In Journal of Vocational
Rehabilitation, Vol.6 (1996) pp. 125-132. NARIC Accession Number
J31171

     This article explores the impact of the 1992
     Amendments to the Rehabilitation Act, the Americans
     with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Individuals with
     Disability Education Act (IDEA) on the service
     delivery system for a deaf-blind population that
     appears to be growing and changing. The impact of
     these laws and suggestions for service delivery
     systems are presented.

5. "Communication Issues and Strategies for Deaf-Blind
Individuals: Case Studies Basic on Etiology and Language Level,"
by Nancy W. Godfrey and Margaret A. Costello. In American
Rehabilitation, Vol.21, No.2 , Summer 1995 (pp. 40-45).

     Five case studies of adults with dual sensory
     impairments are examined in this article. In each
     case, various communication strategies are applied and
     described in great detail. Among the highlights are:
     Congenital Deafness and Blindness without a formal
     language system, Congenital Deafness with Visual
     Impairment and minimal language skills, Congenital
     Deafness with Visual Impairment and no linguistic
     deficits, Congenital Blindness with an Adventious
     Hearing Loss, and Sudden Loss of Vision and Hearing.
     An accompanying table also provides a brief
     description of communicative aids and devices that may
     apply.

6. "Access for Deaf and Hard of Hearing People in the Public
Domain: Where Are We?," by A. Doden, J. Redelsperger, G. Long.
In JADARA, Vol. 30, No.4, 1997 (pp. 24-28). NARIC Accession
Number: J34622

     As the title suggests, this article examines two
     studies to measure how well the needs of the deaf and
     hard of hearing are being met in the public domain.
     The first study investigated telecommunication
     accessibility across government, emergency, and
     private business numbers. The second study assessed
     the availability of assistive technology for deaf and
     hard of hearing hotel guests. Suggestions for service
     improvement are also offered.

7. "Technology and Full Participation for Children and Adults
Who Are Deaf," by Robert R. Davila. American Annals of the Deaf,
Vol. 139 (1994), pp.6-10. NARIC Accession Number: J26878

     This article is an excerpt from an address at the
     National Technology Symposium in 1994. It briefly
     chronicles the progress society has made since 1972 in
     making the world more accessible to people with
     hearing deficits and then proposes that a National
     Practice Improvement Center be created. Emerging
     innovations in telecommunications devices and computer
     software are also presented.

General Resources

1. Life After Deafness: A Resource Book for Late-Deafened
Adults, by Bena Shuster. Bena Shuster, 1995. NARIC Accession
Number: R06910

     This book is a compilation of Bena Shuster personal
     experiences with late-deafness. It offers her views on
     ways to live with deafness. Her survival tips cover
     everything from health and rehabilitation to social
     interaction in the hearing world.

2. The Special-Needs Reading List: An Annotated Guide to the
Best Publications for Parents and Professionals, by Wilma K.
Sweeney. Woodbine House, 1998. NARIC Accession Number: R07809

     This handy resource guide provides short reviews and
     recommendations of the best books, journals,
     newsletters, organizations, and other information
     sources about children with disabilities. For
     convenience, the book is divided into two sections.
     The first part relates to disability issues in
     general; and the second part focuses on specific
     disabilities. A few of the impairments included are:
     Cerebral Palsy, Autism, Speech and Language Disorders,
     and learning disabilities.

Organizations

Technical Aids and Assistance for the Disabled Center (TAAD).
1950 West Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608. 800/ 346-2939 (V);
312/ 421-3373 (V/TT).

     The Technical Aids and Assistance for the Disabled
     Center (TAAD) is an environment created by COPH-2
     (Committee on Personal Computers and the Handicapped)
     to provide options in using personal computer
     technology to people with disabilities. The TAAD
     Center provides services with an emphasis on selection
     and application of microcomputers that is an
     alternative to the conventional approach of the
     rehabilitation network. The center's approach allows
     the end users to make informed decisions as to which
     systems or devices best meet their needs. This is
     accomplished by 1) provide hands-on use of various
     computers, adaptive devices, and software; 2) drawing
     upon consumer experiences via COPH-2 Bulletin Boards;
     3) providing technical Information through the
     collection and dissemination of printed materials,
     videotapes, and software and via the AppleLink
     database. Other services include equipment loans,
     workshops and product demonstrations, and advocacy
     before manufacturers, equipment dealers,
     rehabilitation providers, educators, and others. The
     TAAD Center is a charter member of the Alliance for
     Technology Access (ATA).

National Information Center on Deafness. Gallaudet University,
800 Florida Avenue, N.E., Washington, DC 20002. 202/651-5051
(V); 202/ 651-5052 (TTY).

     The National Information Center on Deafness provides
     information and referrals. It strives to collect,
     develop, and disseminate the latest information on
     deafness, hearing loss, organizations, and services
     for deaf and hard of hearing people.

Hear Now. 9745 E. Hampden Ave., Ste. 300, Denver, CO 80231. 800/
648-HEAR; 303/ 695-7797 (V/TTY).

     Hear Now is dedicated to making hearing technology
     accessible to the deaf and hard of hearing. Its
     nationwide network of fully qualified healthcare
     professionals prescribe and fit new and refurbished
     hearing aids for qualified recipients free of charge.
     Through its Sound Investment Society and national
     registry, service clubs and other organizations
     sponsor low-income members of their communities
     needing help with their hearing. Hear Now also
     coordinates the philanthropic efforts of cochlear
     implant manufacturers, implant teams, and local
     fundraising leaders to give the gift of sound to
     people who could otherwise not afford it.

Helen Keller National Center for Deaf-Blind Youths and Adults
(HKNC). 111 Middle Neck Road, Sands Point, NY 11050. 516/
944-8900 (V); 516/ 944-8637 (TT).

     The Helen Keller National Center for Deaf-Blind Youths
     and Adults is operated by Helen Keller Services for
     the Blind and is funded by congressional
     appropriations. Extensive evaluative and
     rehabilitative services are provided to youths and
     adults who are deaf-blind. Individualized training in
     orientation and mobility, communication and daily
     living skills, as well as in other areas, is conducted
     in a residential setting for up to fifty clients at a
     time, for periods ranging from several months to
     several years. When the training is complete, a major
     effort is made to assist in the appropriate placement
     of clients in work or living settings. Mobility and
     orientation training in both the workplace and
     residential setting are similarly provided. The center
     conducts research in personal adjustment, education,
     and rehabilitation techniques, and offers training in
     the field and at the headquarters to new and
     prospective professionals who plan to work with
     individuals who are deaf-blind. Additionally, HKNC
     operates an extensive nationwide network of field
     services through its ten regional offices and some
     forty affiliated programs.

Telecommunications for the Deaf, Inc. (TDI). 8719 Colesville
Road, Ste. 300, Silver Spring, MD 20910. 301/ 589-3786 (V); 301/
589-3006 (TT).

     Telecommunications for the Deaf, Inc., (TDI) serves
     members, people with deafness and hearing impairments,
     and the general public by providing public information
     about telecommunications and deafness/hearing
     impairment, assuring equal access to
     telecommunications technologies and services,
     supporting issues and concerns across the country. TDI
     publishes the International Telephone Directory of TDD
     Users annually. It includes the TDD numbers of
     federal, state, local agencies, businesses, and
     organizations that serve people who are deaf or who
     have hearing impairments. The National Directory of
     TTY Numbers and the GA-SK Newsletter are also produced
     for TDI members.

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
(NIDCD). NIH, 1 Communication Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20892.
800/241-1044 (V); 800/ 241-1055 (TTY).

     The National Institute on Deafness and Other
     Communication Disorders (NIDCD) created in October
     1988 as one of the National Institutes of Health,
     conducts and supports biomedical and behavioral
     research training on normal mechanisms as well as
     disordered processes of hearing, balance, smell,
     taste, voice, speech, and language. The NIDCD also
     fosters disease prevention and health promotion and
     supports research efforts for development of
     augmentative devices for individuals with
     communication disorders. Mandated by the legislation
     that created the NIDCD, the NIDCD Clearinghouse
     provides an information service to respond to
     professional and public inquiries; develops and
     distributes publications such as fact sheets,
     bibliographies, information packets, and
     organizational directories; and maintains a database
     of references to journal articles, books, audiovisual
     materials, brochures, fact sheets, newsletter
     articles, manuals, and other educational materials.
     This database is available to the public as the
     Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DC)
     Subfile of the Combined Health Information Database
     (CHID). CHID is available on the World Wide Web at:
     http://www.nih.gov/nidcd .

DEAF-Blind Service Center. 2366 Eastlake Ave. East, Ste. 206,
Seattle, WA 98102. 206/ 323-9178.

     The Deaf-Blind Service Center provides information to
     employers, service providers, and the general public
     about the best ways to interact with and accommodate
     people who are deaf and blind.

Self Help for Hard of Hearing People, Inc. (SHHH). 7910 Woodmont
Ave., Ste. 1200, Bethesda, MD 20814. 301/ 657-2248 (V); 301/
657-2249 (TTY).

     Self Help for Hard of Hearing People, Inc. (SHHH) is a
     consumer-education organization that strives to
     develop acceptance of people with hearing loss and to
     promote education about hearing loss detection,
     management, and prevention of further loss. It
     publishes a bimonthly journal and brochures on topics
     such as hearing aids, psychological effects of hearing
     loss, and assertiveness for individuals with hearing
     loss. There is a charge for most publications.

Conclusion

This ABLEDATA Informed Consumer Guide is an introduction to the
various kinds of assistive technology available to enable people
who are deaf, hard of hearing, and deaf-blind to live life to
its fullest. ABLEDATA publications are available in alternative
formats (braille, large print, cassette, and PC-compatible
diskette) upon request. It is recommended that the information
in this guide be used in conjunction with consultations with
medical and/or hearing professionals.

The ABLEDATA database of assistive technology provides
information about and descriptions of more than 25,000 products
for people with physical, sensory, or cognitive disabilities.
Information specialists are available to provide specific
information about a particular device, type of device, or
manufacturers and distributors of assistive technology. ABLEDATA
can be reached by phone or fax at: 800/ 227-0216, 301/ 608-8998
(V), 301/ 608-8912 (TTY), or 301/ 608-8958 (Fax). Anyone with
access to a computer, modem, and the World Wide Web may also
search the database 24 hours a day by visiting ABLEDATA's web
site at: http://www.abledata.com . ABLEDATA's fact sheets and
informed consumer guides are available in the Information area;
and, the latest on assistive technology and disability issues in
general can be found in the News area.

Manufacturers of Devices for Individuals Who Are Deaf or Hard of
Hearing

8X8, Inc.
2445 Mission College Blvd., Santa Clara, CA 95054.
(408) 727-1885; (888) VIEW-8x8; (888) 289-6889 (TT)
Telephone Communication Systems- TDDs and TTYs with and without
printers; Video TTYs

Able-Phone (formerly DQP, Inc.)
7601 Clmnt Mesa Blvd., Suite 201, San Diego, CA 92111.
(619) 296-9705
Telephone Communication Systems- TDDs and TTYs and Accessories

Adco Hearing Conservation
7310 S. Alton Way, Suite A, Englewood, CO 80112.
(303) 290-8339; (800) 726-0851
Personal Amplification Systems and Accessories

Aiphone Corporation
1700 130th Avenue, NE, P.O. Box 90075, Bellevue, WA 98009.
(425) 455-0510
Video Display Telephones; Closed Circuit TV Systems; Security
Systems

Akron Resources, Inc.
11627 Clark Street, Suite 101, Arcadia, CA 91006.
(626) 358-1133
Personal Amplification Systems

American Foundation for the Blind Product Center
100 Enterprise Place, P.O. Box 7044, Dover, DE 19903.
(800) 232-5463
Resources, Information, and Products for People Who Are Blind
and Deaf-Blind

Ameriphone, Inc.
12082 Western Ave., Garden Grove, CA 92841-2913.
(714) 897-0808; (800) 874-3005
Amplifier, Large Button, and Hearing Aid Compatible Telephones

Amtel Systems Corporation
8701 100th Street, Kenosha, WI 53142-7718.
(414) 947-0600; (800) 999-8903
Paging Systems- Inter-Office Communication

Ann Morris Enterprises, Inc.
890 Farms Court, East Meadow, NY 11554-5101.
(516) 292-9232
Hearing Aids and Accessories

Assistance Dogs of America
8806 State Route 64, Swanton, OH 43558.
(419) 825-3622
Hearing Ear Dogs

AT&T CPU Leasing
5 Woodhollow Road, # 2A21, Parsippany, NJ 07054-2821.
(800) 233-1222
Telephone Communication Systems- TDDs, TTYs, TTs, and
Accessories; Amplifier, Large Button, and Hearing Aid Compatible
Telephones and Accessories

AT&T Information Products and Systems
650 Liberty Ave., Room 2-202, Union, NJ 07083-8107.
(908) 851-3084; (800) 327-7440
Amplifier, Large Button, and Hearing Aid Compatible Telephones

Audex/Audiometrics, Inc.
710 Standard Street, Long View, TX 75604.
(903) 758-9392; (800) 237-0716
Personal Amplification Systems and Accessories; Amplification
Systems for Television and Accessories

Audio Enhancement (Distributor for Comtek)
1748 West 12600 South 84065, Riverton, UT 84065.
(801) 254-9263; (800) 383-9362
Personal Amplification Systems and Accessories

Audiological Engineering Corporation
35 Medford Street, Somerville, MA 02143.
(617) 623-5562; (800) 283-4601; (800) 955-7204 (TT)
Personal Amplification Systems

Audiotone, Inc.
4120 Olson Memorial Highway, Golden Valley, MN 55422.
(612) 520-9723; (800) 757-8055
Behind the Ear (BTE) Hearing Aids and Accessories

Auditory Display, Inc.
162 Schoolhouse Lane, Mount Laurel, NJ 08054.
(973) 234-4446
Telephone Communication Systems- TDDs, TTYs, TTs, and Accessories

AVR Communications Ltd.
P.O. Box 6122, Haifa 31060, Israel
Personal Amplification Systems; Hearing Aids and Accessories

Behavioral Controls, Division of Alps Inc.
3818 West Mitchell St., Milwaukee, WI 53215.
(414) 671-3332
Speech Teaching Computer Programs

Blazie Engineering
105 East Jarretsville Road, Forest Hill, MD 21050.
(410) 893-9333
Braille and Voice Output Devices and Accessories- Braille TDDs
and Computer Software

Canadian Hearing Society
271 Spadina Road, Toronto, ONT M5R 2V3, Canada.
(416) 964-9595 (V); (416) 964-0023 (TT)
Environmental Alert Systems- Telephone and Doorbell Signalers,
Security Systems, and Sound Monitors; Telephone Communication
Systems- TDDs, TTYs, TTs and Accessories; Information on Hearing
Loss

Canine Companions For Independence
P.O. Box 446, Santa Rosa, CA 95402-0446.
(707) 528-0830
Service Dogs

Caption Center
125 Western Ave., Boston, MA 02134.
(617) 492- 9225; (617) 562-0590 FAX
Open and Closed Captioning Devices

Cepco
21515 Parthenia Street, Canoga Park, CA 91304.
(818) 998-7315
Security Systems

Cochlear Corporation
61 Inverness Drive East, Suite 200, Englewood, CO 80112.
(800) 523-5798 (V/T); (303) 792-9025 FAX
Research and Information on Hearing and Cochlear Implantation;
Cochlear Implants

Comm-Tel
1208 Kahului Street, Honolulu, HI 96825.
(808) 396-5941
PC Telecommunication Programs

Communication Products and Equipment Co.
P.O. Box 275, Bridgeport, IL 62417.
(618) 943-3012; (800) 833-4273
Telephone Communication Systems- TDDs, TTYs, and TTs and
Accessories; Amplifier and Large Button Telephones and
Accessories

Compu-TTY, Inc.
3115 Lackland Road, Fort Worth, TX 76116.
(817) 738-2485 (V); (817) 738-8993 (T); (800) 366-9950
Telephone Communication Systems-TDDs, TTYs, TTs, and Accessories

Connevans Limited
54 Albert Road North, Reigate, Surrey RH2 9YR, UK
Personal Amplication Systems and Accessories

Crestwood Company
6625 North Sidney Place, Milwaukee, WI 53209-3259.
(414) 352-5678
Speech/Sign Language Training Devices- Games and Instructional
Materials; Personal Amplification Systems; Signal Amplifiers

Datawave
P.O. Box 3097, Cary, NC 27519.
(919) 557-1224; (800) 272-9283
Environmental Alert Devices; Signal Amplifiers

Dawn Sign Press
9080-A Activity Road, San Diego, CA 92126-4421.
(619) 549-5330 (V); (619) 549-5333 (TT)
Sign Language Training Aids- Books, Posters, Games, and Flash
Cards

Deaf Communications of Cinncinnati
550 Palmerston Drive, Cinncinnati, OH 45231.
(513) 451-3722
Telephone Communication Systems- TDDs, TTYs, TTs and Accessories

Deafworks Company
P.O. Box 1265, Provo, UT 84603-1265.
(801) 465-1957 (V/T)
Telephone Communication Systems and Accessories-TDDs and TTYs;
TDD and TTY Training Systems

Dewtronics
P.O. Box 308, Ghent, WV 25843-0308.
(304) 787-9712
Braille Telecaptioning

DFE Inc.
P.O. Box 725, Oklahoma City, OK 73101.
(405) 232-2809
Security Systems

Dogs for the Deaf
10175 Wheeler Road, Central Point, OR 97502.
(503) 826-9221
Hearing Ear Dogs

Dragon Systems, Inc.
320 Nevada Street, Newton, MA 02160.
(617) 965-5200; (800) 443-7077; (617) 527-0372 FAX
Speech Recognition and Voice Input Computer Software

Dyna-Aura Engineering Labs, Inc.
8057 Vickers Street, San Diego, CA 92111-1917.
(619) 565-4922
Hearing Aids and Accessories

E & IS SignWare
206 Angie Drive, P.O. Box 521, Ceder Falls, IA 50613.
Sign Language Training- Games, Computer Programs, and
Instructional Materials

Earmark, Inc.
1125 Dixwell Ave., Hamden, CT 06514.
(203) 777-2130
Amplification Systems and Accessories

Ebsco Curriculum Materials
P.O. Box 1943, Birmingham, AL 35201.
(205) 991-1208; (800) 633-8623
Sign Language Teaching Aids- Computer Programs, Instructional
Materials

Eckstein Brothers, Inc.
4807 West 118th Place, Hawthorne, CA 90250.
(562) 772-6113; (800) 432-4913
Personal Amplification Systems and Accessories

Edmark Corporation
P.O. Box 97201, Redmond, WA 98073-9721.
(425) 556-8400; (800) 362-2890
Sign Language Training- Instructional Materials

Elcombe Systems Limited
P.O. Box 72088, 603 March Road, Kanata, ONT Canada K2K 2M5.
(613) 591-5678
Emergency Alert Systems; Large Button and Hearing Aid Compatible
Telephones

Electone, Inc. P.O. Box
910 Winter Park, FL 32790.
(407) 831-2555; (800) 432-7483
Hearing Aids and Accessories

Everett Assistive Resources Co.
P.O. Box 3353 Everett, WA 98203-8353.
(425) 353-5680; (800) 669-7371
Hearing Aids and Accessories

Exceptional Hearing Services
515 Northgate Drive, Suite D, San Rafael, CA 94903-3639.
(415) 499-7766
Amplification Systems

Four Point Design
1575 Catamount Road, Fairfield, CT 06430.
(203) 259-1174
Personal Amplification Systems; Amplification Systems for
Television

Fourth Dimension Instruments, Inc.
P.O. Box 376, Spring, TX 77373.
(281) 288-9366 (V/T)
Environmental Alert Devices- Flashing Lights, Doorbell and
Telephone Signalers, Vibrating Alarm Clocks and Pagers, and Bed
Shakers; Amplification Systems and Accessories

Futura Wave Communications
7209 Cipriano Spring Drive, Lanham, MD 20706.
(301) 552-4405 (V/T)
Telephone Communication Systems- TDDs, TTYs, TTs and
Accessories; TTY Compatible Computer Software

Gentex Corporation
10985 Chicago Drive, Zeeland, MI 49464.
(616) 392-7195
Environmental Alert Devices- Smoke Alarms and Flashing Lights

Global Assistive Devices, Inc.
4950 North Dixie Highway, Suite 121, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33334.
(954) 784-0035 (V/T)
Environmental Alert Devices- Bed Vibrators, Flashing and
Amplifier Alarm Clock with Bright Digital Displays, and Motion
Signalers

GN Netcom, Inc.
7688 Executive Drive, Eden Prairie, MN 55344-3677.
(612) 932-2992
Hearing Aids and Accessories

Greg Verity
53 Haven Ave., Port Washington, NY 11050.
(516) 944-8356
Tactile Speech Indicators

Guardian Angel Products
401-417 Fayette Avenue, Springfield, IL 62704.
(217) 753-2505
Environmental Alert Systems- Sound Monitors

Guinta Associates
37 Terhune Ave., Lodi, NJ 07644.
(212) 594-4522; (800) 631-0821
Speech and Auditory Training Devices

Hal Hen Company
35-53 24th Street, Long Island City, NY 11106.
(718) 392-6020; (800) 242-5436
Environmental Alert Systems- Bed and Pillow Vibrators, Digital
and Flashing Alarm Clocks, Telephone and Doorbell Signalers;
Amplication Systems for Radio and TV

HARC Mercantile, Ltd.
1111 W. Centre Ave., P.O. Box 3055, Kalamazoo, MI 49003-3055.
(800) 445-9968 (V); (800) 413-5245 (TTY)
Amplifier Telephones; Amplification Systems; Environmental Alert
Devices-telephone and doorbell signalers

Harmony House, Inc.
111 West Maple Street, Suite 3002, Chicago, IL 60610.
(312) 280-8334
Sign Language Training Aids- Cards, Videotapes, and Sign
Language Dictionaries

Harris Communications, Inc.
15159 Technology Drive, Eden Prairie, MN 55344-2277.
(800) 825-6758 (V); (800) 825-9187 (TTY); (612) 906-1099 FAX
Telephone Communication Systems, Environmental Alert Systems,
Hearing Aid Batteries and Accessories, and Books and Videotapes

Hear-More, Inc.
P.O. Box 3413, 42 Executive Blvd., Farmingdale, NY 11735.
(516) 752-0738; (800) 881-4327 (V/T)
Environmental Alert System- Digital Alarm Clock with Strobe Light

Hearing Impaired TEChnologies (HI-TEC)
8160 Madison, Burr Ridge, IL 60521.
(847) 654-9200 (V/T); (800) 288-8303 (V/T)
Telephone Communication Systems and Accessories- TDDs and TTYs
with and without printers; Environmental Alert Devices- bell and
signal amplifiers

Hearing Services International (HSI)
10340 W. 70th Street, Eden Prairie, MN 55344-3445.
(612) 829-5757; (800) 328-3832
Hearing Aids and Accessories

Heartsong
P.O. Box 2455, Glenview, IL 60025.
(847) 724-2336
Sign Language Training Video Package

Heidico Inc., Nutri-Max Products Division
561 Keystone Ave. # 296, Reno, NV 89503.
(702) 324-7104 V,TT, FAX
Environmental Alert Systems for Vehicles

Hello Direct, Inc.
5884 Eden Park Place, San Jose, CA 95138.
(408) 972-1990; (800) 444-3556
Telephone Communication Systems- TDDs, TTYs, TTs and
Accessories; Large Button and Amplifier Telephones and
Accessories

House EAR Institute
2100 West Third Street, Los Angeles, CA 90057.
(213) 483-4431; (213) 483-8789
Research and Information on Hearing and Hearing Aid Implantation

Housing Devices, Inc.
407 R. Mystic Avenue, Medford, MA 02155.
(617) 395-5200; (800) 392-5200
Environmental Alert Systems- Telephone, Doorbell, and Flashing
Light Signals

Huggie Aids
837 10th Street, NW, Oklahoma City, OK 73106.
(405) 232-7848
Hearing Aid Accessories

IBM Corporation
1000 NW 51st Street, # 5432, Boca Raton, FL 33429.
(561) 443-4224; (800) 426-2468
Speech Recognition and Voice Input Computer Software

Independent Living Aids
27 East Mall, Plainview, NY 11803.
(516) 752-8080; (800) 537-2118
Writing Guides for People Who Are Deaf-Blind

Instant Replay, Inc.
601 South Bayshore Drive, Suite 1050, Coconut Grove, FL 33133.
(305) 854-8777; (800) 749-8779
Open telecaptioning devices; telephone accessories;
amplification systems

ITT
7635 Plantation Road, P.O. Box 7065, Roanoke, VA 24019.
(703) 563-0371
Large Button, Hearing Aid Compatible, and Amplifier Telephones;
Amplifier Telephones with Braille Markings

Jean Rose
369 E. Van Koevering, Rialto, CA 92376-5143.
(909) 875-0285
Lip Reading Training- Videotapes

Joy Enterprises, Inc.
3800 N. Fairfax Drive, # 1301, Arlington, VA 22203.
(703) 528-4220
Sign Language Dictionaries on Videotape

Kay Elemetrics Corporation
2 Bridgewater Lane, Lincoln Park, NJ 07035-1439.
(973) 628-6200; (973) 628-6363; (800) 289-5297
Computerized Speech Teaching Devices- Speech Labs and Waveform
Display Systems

Kaplan
1310 Lewisville-Clemmons Road, P.O. Box 609, Lewisville, NC
27023-0609.
(910) 766-7374; (800) 334-2014
Speech Training and Sign Language- Games and Instructional
Materials

Kopptronix Co.
P.O. Box 361, Stanhope, NJ 07874.
(973) 543-6819
Sign Language Training- Games, Flash Cards, and Instructional
Materials

KRI Communications, Inc. (Formerly Krown Research, Inc.)
129 Sheldon Street, El Segundo, CA 90245.
(562) 322-3202; (800) 833-4968
Telephone Communication Systems- TDDs, TTYs, TTs and Accessories

Kurzweil Applied Intelligence
411 Waverly Oaks Road, Waltham, MA 02154.
(617) 893-5151
Speech Recognition and Voice Input Computer Software; Braille
and Voice Output Devices and Software

Linear Electronics
P.O. Box 9003, Carsbad, CA 92008.
(800) 421-1587
Wireless Signal Transmitters

LPB, Inc.
28 Bacton Hill Road, Frazer, PA 19355.
(610) 644-1123
Amplification Systems and Accessories

Maico Hearing Instruments, Inc.
7375 Bush Lake Road, Minneapolis, MN 55439-2029.
(612) 835-4400; (800) 328-6366
Programmable Hearing Aids and Accessories

Mainstream Designs
114 Ridge Road, Jupiter, FL 33477.
(561) 746-9185 (V/T)
Touch Tone Message Decoders

Maple Leaf Chapter Bell Telephone of Canada
483 Bay Street, Toronto, ONT M5S 2E1, Canada
Voice Amplifiers

Maxi-Signal Products, Division of Mill Specialties, Inc.
5 East 49th Street, P.O. Box 398, La Grange, IL 60525.
(847) 354-4730; (800) 227-9636
Signal Systems- Flashing Lights, Auxiliary Bells, and Horns

Metavox, Inc.
8375 Leesburg Pike, Suite 421, Vienna, VA 22182.
(703) 698-0802
Personal Amplification Systems and Accessories

Micro Audiometrics Corporation
2200 South Ridgewood Ave., US # 1, South Daytona, FL 32119-3018.
(904) 788-9331; (800) 729-9509
Hearing Screening Instuments

Micro Video Corporation
210 Collingwood, Suite 100, P.O. Box 7357, Ann Arbor, MI
48107-7357.
(734) 996-0626; (800) 537-2182
Video Voice Speech Training Systems

Microflip, Inc.
11211 Petworth Lane, Glenn Dale, MD 20769.
(301) 262-6020 (V/T)
Modems for TDDs and TTs

Microsystems Software, Inc.
600 Worcester Road, Framingham, MA 01701.
(508) 879-9000; (800) 828-2600; (508) 879-1069 FAX
Visual Beep Indicator Computer Software

Midwest Health Programs, Inc.
P.O. Box 3023, Urbana, IL 61801.
(217) 367-5293
Sign Language Computer Programs

Mirac
542 Route 62, Winchester, OH 45697.
(937) 442-2401 (V/T)
Environmental Alert Systems- Smoke Alarms and Flashing Light
Signals; Telephone Communication Systems- TDDs,TTYs, and TTs and
Accessories

National Association of the Deaf
814 Thayer Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910.
(301) 587-1788
Research, Information, and Instructional Materials Pertaining to
Deafness and Hearing Loss

National Captioning Institute
5203 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041.
(703) 998-2400; (800) 533-9673
Information on Captioning; Open and Closed Captioning Devices

National Hearing Aid Distributors, Inc.,
145 Tremont Street, Boston, MA 02111.
(617) 426-9845; (800) 627-9930
Personal Amplication Systems; Hearing Aids and Accessories

Nationwide Flashing Signal Systems, Inc.
8120 Fenton Street, Room 200, Silver Spring, MD 20910
(301) 589-6671 (V); (301) 589-6670 (T)
Environmental Alert Systems- Flashing Light, Fire Alarm, and
Telephone Signalers; Bed Shakers, Vibrating and Flashing Alarm
Clocks, and Sound Monitors

Northern Wolf Enterprises
391 Page Street, Lunenburg, MA 01462.
(508) 582-9057
Environmental Alert Systems for Vehicles

NXi Communications, Inc.
3191 South Valley Street, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, UT 84109.
(801) 466-1258 (V); (801) 466-0453 (T)
Telephone Communications Systems- TDDs, TTYs,TTs and
Accessories; TT Fax Machines; TDD Answering Systems, and
Universal Modems

Omni Group, Inc.
P.O. Box 398, Timonium, MD 21093.
(301) 363-8780; (800) 628-2233
Closed Circuit TV Systems; Security Systems

Omni Hearing Systems
3418 Midcourt, Suite 105, Carrolton, TX 75006.
(972) 934-2961; (800) 527-0872
Hearing Aids and Accessories

One To One Communicators
1714 Penrose, Olathe, KS 66062.
(913) 764-4072
Personal Amplification Systems

Oticon Corporation
29 Schoolhouse Road, P.O. Box 424, Somerset, NJ 08873.
(732) 560-1220; (800) 526-3921
Personal Amplification Systems

Oto Sonic, Inc.
4200 West Bryn Mawr Avenue, Chicago, IL 60646.
(800) 837-6642
Hearing Aids and Accessories

Oval Window Audio
33 Wildflower Court, Nederland, CO 80466.
(303) 447-3607 (V/T)
Amplification Systems and Accessories

Page Net
1121 Industrial Road, San Carlos, CA 94070-4106.
(415) 591-7900
Tactile Paging Systems

Palmetto Technologies, Inc.
P.O. Box 498, Duncan, SC 29334.
(864) 576-2886
Touch Tone Message Decoders

Panasonic Company
1 Panasonic Way, Mail Stop 2F3, Secaucus, NJ 07094.
(201) 348-7000; (800) 447-4700
Hearing Aids and Accessories; Amplification Devices; Vibrating
Alarm Clocks

Phoenix Management, Inc.- Hatis Systems
5195 Fontaine Blvd., Fountain, CO 80817.
(719) 392-1442
Telephone Communication Systems- TDDs, TTYs, TTs and
Accessories; Handset Amplifiers

Phonak, Inc.
850 E. Diehl Road, P.O. Box 3017, Naperville, IL 60566.
(630) 505-7007; (800) 777-7333
Hearing Aids and Amplification Systems

Phone TTY, Inc.
202 Lexington Avenue, Hackensack, NJ 07601.
(201) 489-7889 (V); (201) 489-7890
Environmental Alert Systems- Telephone, Doorbell, and Fire Alarm
Signalers, Bed Shakers; Telephone Communication Systems- TDDs,
TTYs, TTs and Accessories

Phonic Ear, Inc.
3880 Cypress Drive, Petaluma, CA 94954-7600.
(707) 769-1110; (800) 227-0735
Amplification Systems and Accessories

Plantronics
345 Encinal Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95060.
(800) 544-4660
Telephone and Signal Amplifiers

Positron Industries
5101 Buchan Street, Montreal, QUE H4P2K9, Canada.
(514) 345-2200; (514) 731-8662 FAX
Telephone Communication Systems and Accessories- TDDs and TTYs
with and without printers

Precision Acoustics
501 Fifth Avenue, Suite 704, New York, NY 10017.
(212) 986-6470
Auditory Trainers; Speech Teaching Devices

Pro-Ed
8700 Shoal Creek Blvd., Austin, TX 78757-6897.
(512) 451-3246; (800) 897-3202
Speech Teaching Devices- Games, Pictures, and Flash Cards

Prospect Marketing
60 East Main, P.O. Box 479 Stockbridge, MA 01262.
(413) 298-4371
Sign Language Training Aids- Games, Instructional Materials, and
Computer Programs

Qualitone, Hearing Aids & Audiometers,
4931 West 35th Street, Minneapolis, MN 55416.
(612) 927-7161; (800) 328-3897
Hearing Aids and Accessories; Audiometers

Quest Electronics
510 South Worthington Street, Oconomowoc, WI 53066.
(414) 567-9157; (800) 245-0779
Tactile Paging Systems

Radio Shack/ Division of Tandy Corporation
1500 One Tandy Center, Fort Worth, TX 76102.
(817) 390-3011
Amplification Systems and Accessories; Amplifier, Large Button,
and Hearing Aid Compatible Telephones; Environmental Alert
Systems- Flashing Light and Telephone Signalers

Rapidtext, Inc.
230 Newport Center Drive, Suite 250, Newport, CA 92660-7510.
(714) 644-6500
Video Telecaption Systems

RCI, Inc.
731-B Norwich Road, P.O. Box 122, Plainfield, CT 06374.
(860) 564-5276
Hearing Aids and Accessories

RDM Sales
P.O. Box 95, North Hollywood, CA 91603.
(818) 851-2786
Voice and Signal Amplifiers

Reach Paging System, Inc.
P.O. Box 30193, Bethesda, MD 20824.
(301) 601-8733; (800) 875-2724
Emergency Alert Systems; Tactile Paging Systems

Reliable Fire Eqipment Company
12845 South Cicero Avenue, Alsip, IL 60658.
(708) 597-4600
Environmental Alert Systems- Smoke Alarms and Flashing Light
Signals

ReSound Corporation
220 Saginaw Drive, Seaport Centre, Redwood City, CA 94063.
(800) 582-4327
Hearing Aids and Accessories

Rogers Engineering Corporation
4805-B Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, VA 22304.
(703) 370-5628
Environmental Alert Systems- Security Systems, Light Signals,
and Accessories

Rollins Protective Services Company
2170 Piedmont Road, Atlanta, GA 30324.
(404) 252-4440
Security Systems

Sammons Preston, Inc., A Bissell Healthcare Company
P.O. Box 5071, Boilingbrook, IL 60440-5071.
(800) 323-5547
Pediatric Speech Trainers

Schlage Lock Co.
2401 Bayshore Blvd., San Francisco, CA 94134.
(650) 541-8881
Environmental Alert Systems- Security Systems and Burglar Alarms

See-Sign Productions
15 Bluebill Avenue, Suite 1104, Naples, FL 33963.
(941) 598-3067
Sign Language Training- Computer Programs and Instructional
Materials

Sennheiser Electronic Corporation
6 Vista Drive, P.O. Box 987, Old Lyme, CT 06371.
(860) 434-9190 (V); (860) 434-0509 (T)
Personal Amplification Systems and Accessories

SET INC 3205
Spyglass Drive, Vancouver, WA 98684-3724.
(360) 944-2029; (360) 260-1660
Personal Amplification Systems and Accessories; Speech
Synthesizers

Seton Name Plate Company
P.O. Box 1331, New Haven, CT 06505.
(203) 488-8059 (V); (800) 243-6624 (V); (800) 824-7259 (T)
Environmental Alert Systems- Flashing Light Smoke Detectors

Shake Awake (Base Resource, Inc.)
181 S. Riverside Avenue, Croton-on-Hudson, NY 10520.
(914) 739-5602
Environmental Alert Systems- Vibrating Alarm Clocks; Personal
Amplification Systems and Accessories

Siemens Hearing Instruments, Inc.
10 Constitution Ave., P.O. Box 1397, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1397.
(732) 562-6600; (800) 766-4500
Hearing Aids and Accessories

Silent Call Corporation
P.O. Box 868, Clarkston, MI 48347-0868.
(248) 673-0221 (V); (248) 673-6069 (T); (800) 572-5227 (V/T)
Environmental Alert Systems- Flashing Light, Doorbell, and
Telephone Signals, Smoke Alarms, Vibrating Alarm Clocks and
Pillows, and Tactile Paging Systems

SilentRadio, Inc.
20732 Lassen Street, Chatsworth, CA 91311.
(818) 718-4200; (800) 753-4888
Speech Processor/Stenotext Systems For Use With Large Audiences

Silver Creek Industries
1909 Silver Creek Road, P.O. Box 1988, Manitowoc, WI 54221.
(920) 684-1225; (800) 533-3277
Hearing Aids and Personal Amplification Systems; Transitional
Lighting Digital Alarm Clocks

Solar World
2807 N. Prospect, Colorado Springs, CO 80907.
(719) 635-5125
Solar Pocket-Sized Hearing Aid Battery Chargers

Sonic Alert, Inc.
1750 W. Hamlin Road, Rochester Hills, MI 48309.
(248) 656-3110
Environmental Alert Systems- Flashing Light, Doorbell,
Telephone, and Call Waiting Signalers, Smoke Alarms, Pillow and
Bed Vibrators, Digital Flashing Alarm Clocks, Sound Monitors,
and Tactile Paging Systems

Sound Resources, Inc.
201 East Ogden Avenue, Hinsdale, IL 60521.
(847) 323-7970
Environmental Alert Systems- Telephone and TV Amplifiers,
Flashing Light, Doorbell, and Telephone Signalers; Bed Shakers

Specialsoft\ James Stamfield & Co.
P.O. Box 41058, Santa Barbara, CA 93140.
(800) 421-6534
Sign Language Training Computer Programs

Stanton Magnetics, Inc.
101 Sunnyside Blvd., Plainview, NY 11803.
(516) 349-0235
Speech Amplifiers and Speech Teaching Devices

Starkey Labs, Inc.
6700 Washington Avenue South, P.O. Box 9457, Minneapolis, MN
55440.
(612) 941-6401; (800) 328-8602
Hearing Aids and Accessories

Subtle Impact Software, Inc.
7195 Sand Trap Drive, Colorado Springs, CO 80925.
(719) 382-5437 (V/T)
Sign Language Training Computer Programs

Suffridge and Treni Communications, Inc.
P.O. Box 1226, Ridgewood, NJ 07451.
(201) 445-5052
Personal Amplification Systems and Accessories

SunBelt Industries, Inc.
1254 Fish Hook Way, Point Verde Beach, FL 32082.
(904) 285-4788
Open and Closed Telecaptioning Decoders

Telecom International
28302 Industrial Blvd., # H, Hayward, CA 94545-4437.
(510) 343-3000 (V/T)
Telephone Communication Systems- TDDs, TTYs, TTs, and
Accessories; Hearing Aid Compatible Telephones

Telephone Extension Corporation
83 E. Central Avenue, Pearl River, NY 10965.
(914) 735-7877
Environmental Alert Systems- Flashing Light and Bell Telephone
Signalers for Indoor and Outdoor Use

Telephone Pioneers of America New England Telephone & Telegraph,
Vermont, New Hampshire Chapter
1228 Elm Street, Manchester, NH 0301.
(603) 645-2666
Helmet with Hearing Aid

Telesensory Corporation
520 Almanor Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086.
(408) 616-8700; (800) 804-8004
Telephone Communication Systems- Braille TDD and Accessories;
Universal Modems for TDDs, TTYs, and TTs

Telex Communications, Inc.
9600 Aldrich Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55420.
(612) 884-4051; (800) 328-3102
Binaural Hearing Aids and Accessories; Personal Amplification
Systems and Accessories, and Auditory Trainers

Theodore N. Vail State Chapter Telephone
529 South 7th Street, # 4A, Springfield, IL 62721.
(217) 789-8066
Sound Activated Speech Therapy Aids

Tone Commander Systems
P.O. Box 97039, 4320 150th Avenue NE, Redmond, WA 98052.
(425) 883-3600
Amplifiers for Telephones

Toys For Special Children
385 Warburton Ave., Hastings-On-Hudson, NY 10706.
(914) 478-0960; (800) TEC-TOYS
Environmental Alert Devices- Wireless and Vibrating Pagers

Trident Technologies
3309 Winthrop, # 85, Fort Worth, TX 76116.
(817) 738-2485; (800) 366-9950
Telephone Communication Systems- Pocket-Sized/Portable TDDs and
TTs

Trinity Software
Village Square, Suite 215, 607 Tenney Mountain Highway,
Plymouth, NH 03264.
(607) 536-9661; (800) 352-1282
Interactive Sign Language Computer Programs- Games and
Instructional Materials

Typewriting Institute for the Handicapped
3102 W. Augusta Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85051.
(602) 939-5344
Carriage Return Light Signals

Ultratec, Inc.
450 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711.
(608) 238-5400 (V/TTY); (608) 238-3008 FAX
Telephone Communication Systems and Accessories- TDDs and TTYs
with and without printers

Universal Learning Technology
39 Cross Street, Peabody, MA 01960.
(508) 538-0036
Video Telecaption Systems

Universal Security Instruments, Inc.
10324 South Dolfield Road, Owings Mills, MD 21117-3586.
(410) 363-3000
Closed Telecaption Decoders; Pediatric Direction Tutorial
Programs

Valiant Edcational Videos
18210 Sherman Way, Suite 106, Reseda, CA 91335-4554.
(818) 996-9512
Sign Language Training Computer Programs

Walker Equipment Corporation
P.O. Box 829, Highway 151 South, Ringgold, GA 30736.
(706) 935-2600; (800) 426-3738
Telephone Communication Systems and Accessories- TDDs and TTYs
with and without printers; Amplifier Telephones

Western Psychological Services
12031 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90025-1251.
562) 478-2061; (800) 648-8857
Voice Output Speech Teaching Devices; Direct Selection
Communicators

Whelen Engineering Co.
Route 145, Winthrop Road, Chester, CT 06412.
(860) 526-9504
Environmental Alert Systems- Smoke Alarms with Strobe Lights;
Flashing Light, Doorbell, and Telephone Signalers

Williams Sound Corporation
10399 West 70th Street, Eden Prairie, MN 55344-3459.
(612) 943-2252; (800) 328-6190
Personal Amplification Systems and Accessories; Signal
Amplifiers; Amplifier, Large Button, and Hearing Compatible
Telephones

Won-Door Corporation
3609 Fox Glove Drive, Mid-Atlantic Branch Office, Huntingtown,
MD 20639.
10) 535-8620
Fire Resistant Doors

X-10 (USA), Inc.
91 Ruckman Road, Closter, NJ 07624-0420.
(201) 784-9700; (800) 526-0027
Environmental Alert Systems- Flashing Light, Doorbell, and
Telephone Signalers; Security Systems

ZiCom Technologies, Inc.
636 Lorna Lane, Los Angeles, CA 90049-4217.
(619) 727-7110
Telephone Communication Systems- TDDs, TTYs, TTs and Accessories

-written and researched by Anjanette Daigle, ABLEDATA Research
Assistant.

c 1999, ABLEDATA

ABLEDATA,
8401 Colesville Road, Suite 200,
Silver Spring, MD 20910.

ABLEDATA is operated by Macro International, Inc. for the
National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research
(NIDRR), U. S. Department of Education, under contract number
HN96015001.

ABLEDATA's phone numbers are 800/227-0216, 301/608-8998, or
301/608-8912 (TTY).
Our fax number is 301/608-8958.

----------
End of Document

